The Graveyard of Ambitions: What Five Millennia of Failed Conquests Tell Us About Afghanistan
From Alexander the Great to the Soviet Politburo, every major power that attempted to pacify Afghan territory eventually withdrew in frustration, exhaustion, or defeat. American military planners had access to every chapter of this record. The question worth asking is not why the 2021 withdrawal happened, but why anyone expected a different result.
Mar 13, 2026